Animal Diseases (Not Zoonoses)
Primary reference(s)
Tomley, F.M. and M.W. Shirley, 2009. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 364:2637-2642.
Britannica, 2021. Zoonotic Disease: Pathology. Accessed 30 April 2021.
Additional scientific description
Infectious animal diseases remain a major threat to all animals including wildlife and livestock. Some devastating livestock diseases are endemic in many parts of the world and threats from old and new pathogens continue to emerge, with changes to global climate, agricultural practices and demography presenting conditions that are especially favourable for the spread of arthropod-borne diseases into new geographical areas (Tomley and Shirley, 2009).
Transboundary animal diseases are defined as animal diseases of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries; which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions; and where control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation between several countries (FAO, 2016).
Metrics and numeric limits
Not applicable.
Key relevant UN convention / multilateral treaty
Not identified.
Examples of drivers, outcomes and risk management
Disease transmission can also occur from humans or domestic animals to wildlife, as documented for endangered mountain gorillas, which have experienced deadly respiratory infections from human metapneumovirus and human measles. Humanfacilitated introduction of domestic species to an area may bring in diseases such as rabies or bovine tuberculosis (OIE and IUCN, 2014).
References
Fa, J.E., J.H. Wright, S.M. Funk, A.L. Márquez, J. Olivero, M.A. Farfán, F. Guio, L. Mayet, D. Malekani, C.H. Louzolo, R. Mwinyihali, D.S. Wilkie and M. Wieland, 2019. Mapping the availability of bushmeat for consumption in Central African cities. Environmental Research Letters, 14:094002.
FAO, 2016. Economic analysis of animal diseases. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 18. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Accessed 27 October 2020.
OIE and IUCN, 2014. Guidelines for Wildlife Disease Risk Analysis. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) & International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Accessed 27 October 2020.
Tomley, F.M. and M.W. Shirley, 2009. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 364:2637-2642.